Theory and Practice of the European Convention on Human Rights Assignment Free Essays

string(186) " this case is a suspect of an impending terrorist attack with the use of a bomb will be insufficient when determining whether the actions of the police will fall under Article 3 or not\." Abstract It is vital that all individuals are afforded sufficient protection of their human rights under the European Convention of Human Rights (ECHR). However, much difficulty occurs when such rights are being protected at the expense of national security. Accordingly, whilst it is felt that the protection of the public should prevail on the one hand, it is argued on the other that individual rights should always be upheld. We will write a custom essay sample on Theory and Practice of the European Convention on Human Rights Assignment or any similar topic only for you Order Now Essentially, violations of human rights should only be made in extreme circumstances. Whether suspected terrorism should fall within the ambit of one of these exceptions is arguable, especially when there has been a threat of torture as it will be for the courts to strike a balance between the two competing interests. It will be discussed in this assignment whether the threat of the use of torture is an acceptable practice that is capable of being employed by the police during an interrogation or whether it is actually a violation of the ECHR. Introduction It will be critically discussed whether the interrogation of the suspect and the threat of the use of force will amount to a violation of the suspects rights under the European Convention of Human Rights. In doing so, Article 3 will be given consideration followed by a review as to whether the interests of national security should also be given consideration in light of the fact that there was an impending terrorist attack. European Convention on Human Rights and Torture The European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR) was established in 1950 by the Council of Europe. The main objective of the Convention is to ensure that adequate protection for individual’s human rights and fundamental freedoms is being provided. Ensuing from the Convention was the European Court of Human Rights (ECtHR), which was set up in order to provide individuals with the ability to take their case to court if they felt that their rights were undermined. Article 3 of the ECHR imposes a strict prohibition against torture and â€Å"inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment.† Accordingly, this is one of the strictest Articles that exist under the Convention as there are no available exceptions to it and as is stated in the Convention; the prohibitions are made in the strictest terms irrespective of the victims conduct., Whilst this Article generally applies to any cases involving torture, unjustified deportations and degrading treatment, it is those cases involving police violence and poor detention conditions that frequently seek protection (Kamau, 2006: 15). Article 3 is thus of significant importance in preserving the interests of individuals and States must ensure that such treatment does not occur within their territory. It is questionable how effective Article 3 is in preventing such treatment being inflicted upon individuals, nonetheless, given the many cases that come before the courts. Regardless, the ECtHR will make great attempts to rectify any injustice that occurs, yet they have made clear that the level of torture that is being inflicted must be of such a level so as to enable it to fall within the ambit of Article 3; McCallum v The United Kingdom, Report of 4 May 1989, Series A no. 183, p. 29. It is questionable whether the threat of use of torture by the police in this scenario does actually fall under Article 3 since it cannot be said whether the level of the threat was significant. It is often difficult to determine whether a cause of actions will fall within the ambit of Article 3 since not all treatment that is considered punitive will amount to torture for the purposes of the ECHR. Essentially, the courts have made it clear in numerous cases that the level of seriousness will need to be high in order for their rights under the Convention to be activated. Because of this threshold it has often been extremely difficult for victims to establish their case as demonstrated in the Ireland v The United Kingdom, 18 January 1978, Series A no. 25. Here, it was made clear by the Court of Appeal that the assessment as to what the minimum level shall be will be dependent upon the individual circumstances of the case. Hence, the factors for the court to take into account when determining the seriousness of the treatment include the victims; age, sex, physical and mental effects and health. It was further evidenced by the court in Soering v The United Kingdom, judgement of 7 July 1989, Series A no. 161; â€Å"the severity will depend on all if the circumstances of the case, such as nature and context of the treatment or punishment and the manner and method of its execution.† The determination as to whether treatment or punishment will be deemed to be torture for the purposes of Article 3 may also differ from place to place given that different countries have different perceptions of torture. There has been an attempt to achieve co-operation between States in order to ensure that there is some consistency within this area, yet complexities still arise. In Greek Case, 5 November 1969, YB XII, p. 501, the European Commission of Human Rights noted the following; â€Å"it is plain that there may be treatment to which all of these descriptions apply, for all torture must be inhuman and degrading treatment and inhuman treatment also degrading.† It cannot be said that the suspect in this instance has suffered from inhuman or degrading treatment since he was merely threatened with the use of force if he did not inform the police of the bomb’s location. Article 3 is one of the most important protections that is provided under the Convention as its sole purpose is to â€Å"protect a person’s dignity and physical integrity† (Reidy, 2002: 19). This is why the courts are unable to take into account the victims conduct since individuals should be provided with the ultimate protection against torture. The fact that the victim in this case is a suspect of an impending terrorist attack with the use of a bomb will be insufficient when determining whether the actions of the police will fall under Article 3 or not. You read "Theory and Practice of the European Convention on Human Rights Assignment" in category "Essay examples" Regardless of this, however, the courts will take into account the difficulties associated with the maintenance of national security. Therefore, although the conduct of the victim will not be capable of being considered by the court, the fact that the police were trying to prevent a bomb from exploding will be as the police will be found to have been acting in the interests of national security; Tomais v France, Judgement of 27 August 1992, Series A no. 241. In the case of Ilhan v Turkey the applicant had been severely beaten at the time of his arrest and was refused medical treatment for a significant amount of time. The court found that the victim had been subjected to torture in this instance. Accordingly, it will thus depend upon the type of interrogation the victim suffers, which is unclear from the facts of this case. In Assenov v Bulgaria, Judgement of 28 October 1998, Reports 1998-VIII it was held that as a result of the interrogation the victim suffered from torture even though it was unclear who actually caused the injuries sustained by the victim. Again, this demonstrates that provided that the victim has suffered from serious injuries, it is likely that protection will be afforded under Article 3. This is also exemplified in Rehbock v Slovenia where the use of force was co nsidered unjustifiable on the grounds that the authorities could not provide any valid justification for why the injuries were so serious. If the authorities cannot justify the threat of the use of force, then it is likely that a breach of the ECHR will be found. Arguably, if the injuries sustained by the victim during the course of the interrogation are significant, then this will trigger the protection under Article 3. In deciding whether the conduct of the police will amount to torture, it will first need to be considered what actions will be considered to be of a torturous nature. There have been various definitions as to what torture consists of since it can be applied to a varying degree of situations. Regardless, it is evident that torture occurs in situations where an individual is subjected to â€Å"severe pain and suffering† as provided in the United Nations Convention against Torture. However, it will not be enough in this case to shown that the suspect was subjected to â€Å"severe pain and suffering.† Instead the whole context of the situation will need to be considered. In doing so, a review as to whether the interrogation techniques used by the Police were acceptable will need to be made. Whether this will be easy to determine is unlikely since it is questionable what will amount to acceptable interrogation techniques and as put by Amnesty International (2009: 417); â€Å"Torture and other cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment can never be justified. They are never legal. Even in a state of emergency, there can be no exemption from this obligation and there is no such thing as torture perpetrated in â€Å"good faith† or â€Å"reasonable† circumstances.† Arguably, it is evident that Amnesty International does not agree with interrogation regardless as to the situation. Nevertheless, the suspect may be able to rely on the nemo tenetur seipsum accusare principle which means; â€Å"no man has to accuse himself.† This principle could effectively act as a safeguard by preventing inappropriate methods of interrogation from being used. It could be deemed inappropriate to threaten suspects with the threat of the use of force, yet based on the circumstances this appear unli kely given the impending bomb explosion. This was identified by Chiesa (2009: 2) when he pointed out that; â€Å"the nemo tenetur principle should be understood as a safeguard against the use of unacceptable methods of police interrogation.† It is questionable whether this principle will act as a safeguard, however, since it is very difficult to determine when torture has taken place as â€Å"it is not clear in the present laws† (IBN, 2010: 3). Because of this, there are often what is considered to be ‘borderline’ cases where it is difficult to see if torture has actually occurred. As a result, it cannot be said that Article 3 ECHR does actually protect individuals from torture in every situation. Accordingly, it has been said that the police routinely engage in interrogating behaviour when trying to extract confessions from individuals, yet this is generally not considered to amount to torture (Chair, 2004: 68). In view of this, it is clear that the distinction between police brutality and tortur e cannot be easily ascertained and as noted by Spicer (2007: 157) â€Å"the definition of torture and its distinction from inhuman or degrading treatment is problematic and has generated a mass of case law in the ECHR.† It is thus difficult to distinguish torture from inhuman and degrading treatment, which is why cases are frequently coming before the courts involving police brutality. This is completely unacceptable and there ought to be some protection available to individuals in preventing them from being subjected to torture: â€Å"the government should investigate, discipline those found to be implicated, and train officers to interrogate suspects without coercion† (Human Rights Watch, 2010: 1). In order to clarify the position within this area, however, the United Nations have attempted to define torture by stating under Article 1 that â€Å"torture means any act which by severe pain or suffering, whether physical or mental, is intentionally inflicted on a perso n for such purposes as obtaining from him or a third person information or a confession.† Consequently, it would appear as though the police have inflicted torture upon the suspect because although they have not physically harmed him, they have in fact made threats against him. Thus, given that mental suffering is contained within the definition of torture as provided for under Article 1, it is likely that this type of behaviour will be considered a violation of the ECHR. Despite this, it could also be argued that because the police have arrested the suspect on suspicion of an impending terrorist attack, and have made such interrogations so as to prevent the attack from taking place, that the torture is reasonable. This is because, the police need to find out where the bomb is in order to protect society from harm and given that they only have only a few hours before the bomb explodes, it is integral that they obtain as much information out of the suspect as possible. Consequently, it could be said that the threat of the use of torture in interrogating the suspect is appr opriate based on the individual facts. In Binyam Mohamed Secretary of State for Foreign and Commonwealth Affairs [2010] EWCA Civ 65; [2010] WLR (D) 31 it was expressed that torture will amount to a violation of Article 3 as this will generally be considered unacceptable behaviour. Clearly, this illustrates that some protection will be afforded to individuals subject to the use of torture, yet it is questionable whether this applies to the current situation given that only a threat was made. As noted by Johns (2005: 16), however; â€Å"no human being is without protection under international law and in every circumstance, every human being has some forms of protection under human rights law.† Therefore, where torture, or the threat of torture, is carried out individuals should have some form of protection available to them, yet it is debatable whether this protection is adequate since the interest of national security may outweigh the interests of the individual. The Binyam case has been the subject of much critique as the US made great attempts to prevent evidence of torture from being disclosed. This led many to also question the practices of the UK who work closely with the US in the fight against terrorism (Smith, 2009: 9) and there was a strong debate as to whether national security would be damaged if the detainee’s human rights were to be protected. This resulted in difficulty as it had to be determined whether the interests of national security or the interests of the individual were to prevail. Applying this to the instant situation, the question to be asked is whether national security would be affected, if the rights of the suspect were protected by the ECHR. Given that a bomb is about to explode, it is necessary for the police to obtain the relevant information from the suspect so that they can locate the bomb in order to protect the public from harm. Given that human rights took precedent over national security in the Biny am case, the same could also apply here. However, as put by Burke-White (2004: 17) the interests of the two are in fact mutually exclusive â€Å"promote human rights at the expense of national security or protect national security while overlooking international human rights.† Therefore, it will be difficult to determine what interests ought to be preserved in any given case as the factors to be taken into consideration will differ largely from case to case. Furthermore, not all agreed with the decision in the case and many argued that the interests of national security should have been given greater prominence: â€Å"which is more important, the human rights of a suspected al-Qaeda operative, or protecting the British people from terror attacks?† (Coughlin, 2010: 1). The interests of national security are clearly at stake since the bomb explosion could lead to serious harm. It is questionable whether the interests of the suspect should therefore be given greater consi deration given the fact that a large proportion of the population may be subjected to harm. It is questionable why the protection of the majority did not prevail in Binyam and seems to illustrate that the human rights of the suspect in the instant case may also be preserved. Rather than demonstrating a victory for the protection of human rights principles, the case has been viewed with much dismay at the way in which the government handled the case (Londras, 2010: 17). Because of the significant interest that surrounded the case it seems as though the government would have been under much scrutiny had a different decision been made. In accordance with this, it is not certain that the human rights of the suspect in the instant situation will be protected since the suspect has been subjected to a threat of torture on the basis of the imminent bomb explosion. Thus, it is extremely difficult for the judiciary to protect individual liberties and rights when the government plays the national security card (Robson, 2010: 174). This is further evidenced by the continuance reference s that were made to open justice in the Binyam case: â€Å"the principle of open justice represents an element of democratic accountability and the vigorous manifestation of the principle of freedom of expression which ultimately supports the rule of law itself† (per Lord Chief Justice). Consequently, it became apparent that the judges were cautious when making their decision and as a result it is evident that human rights will not always be protected over the interests of national security as it will again depend entirely upon the individual circumstances of the case. It is clear from the decision that there is a conflict between the protections of individual human rights with the protections of national security. However, it is still extremely difficult to determine which interest is the most important and more likely to be successful in the instant case. Simply because human rights came out on top in the Binyam case does not illustrate they will come out on top in all other cases. This is especially so given that the court appeared under pressure by the Minister of the Crown to reach this decision. Hence, it is argued on the one hand that human rights should always succeed, yet on the other that the interests of national security should also be given recognition (Salomon, 2007: 5). However, in ensuring that individuals are free from torture, a strict prohibition against the use of torture must be effectuated. This is because if individuals were not being given sufficient protection against torture, national authorities would be capable of abusing their powers and inflicting harm and degrading treatment upon individuals suspected of a crime (Churcher, 2009: 1). Given that the majority are protected from terrorism, whilst the minority are protected from torture it seems as though greater emphasis ought to be placed upon individual righ ts in order to ensure that their interests provided by the ECHR are being preserved. It is arguable whether this can be justified, however, because as Woodward (2010: 19) argues; â€Å"the need to feel safer is a need that has in large part been manufactured by those eager to capitalize on the economic value of fear.† Therefore, it is integral that national security is also being preserved, which is why it will be very difficult to decide on a reasonable outcome in cases where human rights and national security conflicts. In Dushka v Ukraine, Judgement of ECHR, February 02, 2011 it was found by the Court that the unlawful detention and questioning of a 17 year old amounted to torture and was thus a violation of Article 3. Thus, it was stated by the court that given the applicant’s vulnerable age, the practice being employed did qualify as inhuman and degrading treatment regardless as to the applicant’s conduct. In light of this decision it could be said that the treatment being imposed upon the suspect will also amount to inhuman and degrading treatment although the courts will determine the circumstances of the case as a whole taking into account the fact that a bomb was about to explode. The Anti-terrorism, Crime and Security Act (ATCSA) 2001 and the Prevention of Terrorism Act 2005 do, however, appear to conflict with the ECHR because of the fact that authorities are now provided with greater powers when it comes to the elimination of terrorism. As stated by Herron (2011: 1); â€Å"whilst the new powers avoided the directly discriminatory nature of executive detention in so-doing they broadened the potential applicability of other of its rights-infringing characteristics, which were retained within the new regime.† The provisions that have been provided for under these acts appear largely detrimental to individual rights and freedoms, yet this is deemed necessary in protecting individuals against the threat of terrorism can; R (on the Application of BB) v Special Immigration Appeals Commission [2011] All ER 210. Here, the court highlighted the importance of preserving the interests of national security was. Nevertheless, it is still evident that whilst the hu man rights of individuals are to be maintained, the rights of ordinary citizens also need to be given consideration. A balancing act between the two competing interests is therefore required, yet as has been discussed this is proving to be rather problematic. Ames (2005: 2) believes that â€Å"any restriction on rights must be imposed with reference to the rule of law and be subject to proper safeguards, such as judicial scrutiny.† Therefore, it must be ensured that any restrictions placed upon the rights of individuals and citizens are in accordance with the rule of law to prevent unlawful infringement from occurring. This was clearly reflected in the Binyam case since it became apparent that the rule of law was not capable of being departed from regardless as to whether the person seeking protection was a terrorist or not. This has been criticised by many since it is believed that the government used the national security card when undertaking activity that would usually be considered unlawful: â€Å"under cover of â€Å"national security† and â€Å"protecting the public† governments can embark on actions that might be unpopular, even unjust, and hope not to be called to account† (Robson, 2010: 200). This is unacceptable and unless the rule of law is continuously upheld in, democratic governance will be threatened. Essentially, it is thereby palpable that the interrogation the suspect has suffered by the Police is unlawful and contrary to the provisions of Article 3, yet the authorities may still be able to rely upon the national security defence when putting forward there reasons. This will make it much more difficult for the suspect to argue that there has been a violation of their rights under the ECHR as the police may be able to demonstrate that national security was at risk. This is because the interests of society as a whole will usually be afforded greater protection than individual interests. Conclusion Overall, it does appear as though the treatment the suspect has received from the police is a violation of his rights under the ECHR. However, given the complexity of the case, it is likely that there will be much difficulty when trying to determine whether such rights should be enforced over the interests of national security. Accordingly, the case will involve a balancing act by the courts to establish whether the interests of the suspect ought to prevail given that the public was at risk of harm. This will be extremely difficult to determine, although in light of recent cases such as Binyam, it is likely that the courts will find the interests of the suspect will prevail. References Ames, J. (2005) ‘News: 90-day Detention Plans Shelved’ 3 Law Society Gazette 2, Issue 45. Amnesty International. (2009) Impunity for CIA Torture is Incompatible with USA’s International Obligations, [Online] Available at: http://www.amnesty.org/en/news-and-updates/obama-accused-quotcondoning-torturequot-20090417 [15 December 2013]. Burke-White, W. W. (2004) ‘Human Rights and National: Security: The Strategic Correlation’, Harvard Human Rights Journal, Volume 17, [Online] Available: http://www.law.harvard.edu/students/orgs/hrj/iss17/burke-white.shtml [16 December 2013]. Chair, J. (2004) Torture: A Collection, Oxford University Press, Political Science. Chiesa, L. E. (2009) Beyond Torture: The Nemo Tenetur Principle in Borderline Cases, PACE Law Faculty Publications, PACE University, (2009), Available [Online] at: http://digitalcommons.pace.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1642context=lawfaculty [16 December 2013]. Churcher, J. (2010) UK intelligence knew of terror suspects torture, The Independent UK, (24 November, 2009), [Online] Available: http://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/home-news/uk-intelligence-knew-of-terror-suspects-torture-1826634.html [16 December 2013]. Coughlin, C. (2010) Binyam Mohamed: choose human rights or Britain’s protection?, The Daily Telegraph, [Online] Available: http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/terrorism-in-the-uk/7206832/Binyam-Mohamed-choose-human-rights-or-Britains-protection.html [16 December 2013]. de Londras, F. (2010) ‘Human Rights Lexicon: Security v Rights and the Case of Binyam Mohamed’, Human Rights in Ireland, [Online] Available: http://www.humanrights.ie/index.php/2010/03/17/human-rights-lexicon-security-v-rights-and-the-case-of-binyam-mohamed/ [16 December 2013]. Herron, R. (2011) ‘Counter-Terrorism, Rights and the Rule of Law: How Far Have we Come Since Executive Detention?’ Human Rights in Ireland, [Online] Available: http://www.humanrights.ie/index.php/2011/09/07/counter-terrorism-rights-and-the-rule-of-law-how-far-have-we-come-since-executive-detention/ [16 December 2013].Human Rights Watch. (2010) Zambia: Police Brutality, Torture Rife, [Online] Available at: http://www.hrw.org/en/news/2010/09/03/zambia-police-brutality-torture-rife [16 December 2013]. IBN, Prevention of Torture Bill: Par panel to consider suggestions, (22 September, 2010), [Online] Available at: http://ibnlive.in.com/generalnewsfeed/news/prevention-of-torture-bill-par-panel-to-consider-suggestions/343857.html [16 December 2013]. Johns, F. (2005) Guantanamo Bay and the Annihilation of the Exception, European Journal of International Law, EJIL 2005 16 (613), Issue 4. Kamau, E. (2006) The Police, The People, The Politics: Police Accountability in Tanzania, Commonwealth Human Rights Initiative, CHRI. Reidy, A. (2002) The Prohibition of Torture; A Guide to the Implementation of Article 3 of the European Convention on Human Rights, Human Rights Handbook, [Online] Available: http://www.coe.int/t/dgi/publications/hrhandbooks/HRHAND-06(2003)_en.pdf [14 December 2013]. Robson, G. (2010) ‘In the Balance’, Criminal Law Justice Weekly, Essential Resource for Professionals Serving the Criminal Courts Since 1837, Issue 14, (2010) 174 JPN 200. Salomon, S. E. (2007) Global Responsibility for Human Rights: World Poverty and the Development of International Law, OUP Oxford. Smith, R. (2009) ‘Columnist: Rights and Wrongs – Winning Hearts and Minds’, Law Society Gazette, (2009) LS Gaz, 19 Mar, 8, Issue 11, (19 March, 2009). Spicer, R. (2007) No Torture; no debate, New Law Journal, 157 NLJ 1761, Issue 7301. Woodward, P. (2010) ‘America’s National Security Protection Racket’ War in Context, [Online] Available: http://warincontext.org/2010/07/19/americas-national-security-protection-racket/ accessed [16 December 2013]. How to cite Theory and Practice of the European Convention on Human Rights Assignment, Essay examples

Maggies role in Hobsons choice Essay Example For Students

Maggies role in Hobsons choice Essay Maggie then brings out Freddie Beenstock and introduces Hobson to him, they eventually get Hobson to pay five hundred pounds to Freddie for trespass and damages, you can afford five hundred pounds and youre going to pay five hundred pounds. Hobson tells his daughters This is a tidy bit of money going out of the family, but is corrected by Maggie telling him its going to be split between Alice and Vicky for their weddings. Hobson has no choice but to change in the end because the doctor tells him that if he carries on drinking then hell be dead within six months. He doesnt want to know, so Maggie has to get it through to him. I think that if Maggie hadnt of been there for Hobson to look after him and boss him around then he would of died a lot sooner due to his large intake of alcohol and stubbornness. But because of Maggie bossing him around he has no choice but to see a doctor and do what he says. Willie starts off being a very meek and shy person who works in Hobsons shop. Maggie changes him throughout the play so that he becomes more confident and ends up having his own business. At first when Maggie tells Willie he will marry her, he doesnt expect it and is very nervous because he will have to break up with Ada Figgins. But Maggie soon brings out his confidence and he finds it easier to speak to people. He starts to come out of his shell when he and Maggie get married. Maggie teaches him how to read and write. She even makes him do his writing on their wedding day before he can go and sleep with her, you finish that copy before you come. Willie isnt very confident in speaking to people either, but Maggie changes him. She does this in a number of ways but mainly by getting him to stand up to her father. When Maggie tells Hobson that she is going to marry Willie he isnt happy and wants to hit Willie with a belt but he stands up to him, if you touch me with that belt, Ill take her quick, aye, and stick to her like glue. Maggie influences her sisters in the way of giving them confidence to stand up to their father. For example when Hobson goes to Maggies house and is confronted about falling down the cellar, he is told about his daughters (Alice and Vicky) getting married, he doesnt like it but they make him because they have confidence (but its mainly Maggie). Maggie treats her sisters very well and with a lot of respect. She looks after them and because of her they get to get married and find the right men. Due to these reasons of Maggie treating her sisters well, she gets money for them to pay for their weddings by tricking Hobson so that he thinks he is paying for trespass. So therefore they are able to afford a better wedding. This document was downloaded from Coursework. Info The UKs Coursework Database http://www. coursework. info/ This document was downloaded from Coursework.Info The UKs Coursework Database http://www. coursework. info/ This document was downloaded from Coursework. Info The UKs Coursework Database http://www. coursework. info/ This document was downloaded from Coursework. Info The UKs Coursework Database http://www. coursework. info/ Show preview only The above preview is unformatted text This student written piece of work is one of many that can be found in our GCSE Harold Brighouse section. Download this essay Print Save Heres what a teacher thought of this essay 3 star(s).

Unemployment in UK

Introduction Background Unemployment is an economic indicator which depicts the ratio of individuals in an economy who have the will and capability of working but cannot secure a job (Trading Economics, 2010, para. 4). In determining the rate of unemployment, individuals who do not have the will or capability of working are not considered.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Unemployment in UK specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More According to Holmes (2010, para. 1), high rates of unemployment indicate that a particular economy is struggling. This means that such an economy is characterized by a high supply of labor compared to demand. In addition, high rate of employment also indicates that a given economy is not utilizing its economic resources optimally. According to Office of National Statistics (2004, para. 4), unemployment is associated with a number of social costs. For example, if such individuals have families, s uch families may experience challenges. In addition, unemployment results into a sense of failure, rejection and boredom amongst the affected individuals. This can lead into worse social consequences such as deterioration of health, suicide and crime. Economists have classified the causes of unemployment into various categories (Trading Economics, 2010, para. 4). Some of these include frictional, structural, seasonal and cyclical unemployment. Frictional unemployment results from people moving from one job to another. This is mainly common amongst new entrants who leave one job to another in search of better wage rates. On the other hand, structural unemployment arises from capital-labor substitution such as mismatch between the individual’s skills and requirements of the job. Globalization is one of the major causes of structural unemployment. This arises from the fact that individuals have are required to have skills which match with changes in the technology and product de mand (Trading Economics, 2010, para. 4). Seasonal unemployment arises from seasonal characteristics of various jobs such as the farming and construction industry. On the other hand, cyclical unemployment arises from economic movements. For example, during recession, there is a tendency of the rate of unemployment increasing. This arises from a decline in demand forcing a large number of firm’s to close down or to implement downsizing strategies (Berentsen, Menzio Wright, 2008, para. 3). As one of the countries in Europe, the United Kingdom economy has experienced unemployment. However, the rates of unemployment have been varying from one year to another.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Objectives The essay is aimed at attaining a number of objectives as outlined bellow. To evaluate the history of unemployment in UK. To analyze why unemployment is set to rise in the UK To illustrate the true level of unemployment in UK To evaluate how technology affects unemployment in UK To analyze how inflation affects UK unemployment To evaluate how unemployment affects UK economy Brief history of Unemployment in UK According to Pissarides (2003, p.1), UK has been successful despite the existence of unemployment. During 1950s and 1960s, UK had a relatively low rate of unemployment which averaged 3%. The main reason behind the low rate was the postwar boom. In addition, the country took advantage of technological boom. In addition, the country benefited from stable international relationship which improved international trade. However, occurrence of energy crisis during 1970s resulted into stagflation. During this period, the increase in oil prices led into a rise in unemployment. The high rate of unemployment persisted to be relatively high until 1980s when it became worse after the occurrence of the manufacturing recession (Office of National Statistics, 2 004, para. 4). From 1981 to 1986, approximately 3 million people were unemployed. The rise in unemployment resulted from rise high interest rates and strict monetarist policies (O’Grady, 2009, para. 2). The occurrence of the economic boom led into a decline in the number of unemployed individuals to 1.6 million by 1989. The high rate of unemployment persisted to 1991 when the country experienced another recession. During this period, the economy was characterized by high rate of structural unemployment due to changes in work environment in various sectors. Over the past two decades, there has been a reduction in the rate of unemployment. For example, during the period ranging from 1993 to 2002, the rate of unemployment reduced from 10.3% to 5.1%. The reduction in unemployment resulted from creation of employment opportunities. The population of individuals employed increased from 70.4% in 1993 to 74.7% in 2001(Office of National Statistics, 2004, para. 4). The rate of unemplo yment continued to decline further to 4.8% in 2004. The reduction in unemployment is associated with the fact that the country experienced economic growth for a considerable duration of time. However, in 2005, there was an increment in the rate of unemployment. For example, by February 2006, the rate of unemployment was 5.2%. This increased further to 7.8% in October 2009. In August 2010, the rate stood at 7.7 %( Office of National Statistics, 2004, para. 4). Reasons why unemployment is set to rise in UK There are a number of reasons why unemployment in UK is set to rise in the future. Some of these reasons are explained below.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Unemployment in UK specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Contraction of credit The UK economy has been affected by the economic crisis which began in the US. This arises from the high rate of globalization. The UK financial institutions were negatively affected. As a result, banks became reluctant to advance finance to investors inform of loans (Kollewe Seager, 2008, para. 6). One of the ways through which they implemented this was by increasing the rate of interest applicable to loans (O’Grady, 2009, para. 2). In addition, financial institutions such as banks increased their reserve ration. This led into a decline in the amount of credit available to be issued as loan. This negatively affected the rate of investment in the country. As a result of credit contraction, there was a reduction in consumer spending. The resultant effect was a decline in the country’s rate of economic growth. Firms which had undertaken huge investment projects had to delay their investments until the lending rates declined (Kollewe Seager, 2008, para. 4). Certain economic sectors in UK have been have been adversely affected by the financial crisis. Some of these sectors include the real estate and construction industry. In addition, the global eco nomic downturn led into a decline in the volume of international trade conducted between UK and other trade partners. Government budget According to Thompson and Billington (2010), UK has experienced a rise in the number of individuals claiming unemployment benefits. The UK government has formulated a policy aimed at reducing its public spending. According to Elliot (2010, para. 3), reduction in government spending will culminate into a loss of 1.3 million jobs within the next five year. This will further increase the number of individuals under the unemployment benefits scheme. Reduction in public spending is aimed at bridging the gap in government’s budget deficit. During the period ranging from 2009 to 2010, UK had a relatively high budget deficit which amounted to approximately 160 billion pounds (Walayat, 2010, para. 4). Reduction in government spending will affect both the private and the public sector over the next 5 years. For example, there will be a reduction in the number of contracts issued to private firms. This means that the operation of private firms will be negatively affected. In an effort to minimize their operation costs, these firms will consider laying-off some of their workforce. According to Elliot (2010), reduction in government spending will decline the country’s rate of economic recovery. It is estimated that spending cut will lead into an increment of unemployment rate to 2.95 million by 2012. In an effort to bridge the deficit, the government also expects to increase its tax revenue with a margin of 113 billion pounds per year by 2015. This will culminate into an additional 700, 000 job loss within the private sector. The rise in unemployment will arise from a reduction in the number of private investors willing to invest in UK (Walayat, 2010, para. 6).Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More True level of unemployment in UK The rate of unemployment in UK from 1971 to 2010 averaged 7.22%. However, the trend has changed. The total number of unemployed individuals aged between 16 and 64 years during the last quarter increased by a margin of 0.3% to settle at 70.8%. On the other hand, there was an increase in the number of individuals aged between 16 years who were employed with a margin of 167,000 to settle at 29.19 million. On average there have been an increase total number of people employed during 2010. However, the current rate of employment in 2010 is less with 210,000 compared to the previous year. According to the latest reports, the rate of unemployment in UK for the last quarter of 2010 was 7.7%. The total number of unemployed individuals reduced with a margin of 9,000 during the last quarter to settle at 2.45 million. It is estimated that the total number of unemployed males in 2010 were 1.43 million while the women were 1.02 million. From September 2010, there was a reduction in the number of individuals under the unemployment scheme. How does technology affect UK unemployment? Technological growth can stimulate a country’s rate of economic growth. The resultant effect is an improvement in the citizen’s living standards. According to Lane (n.d), technological advancement results into economic growth in the long term. However, in the short term, technological advancement can lead into a rise in unemployment. As a result of technological advancement, various firms are incorporating emerging technologies an effort to develop their competitive advantage. Technological advancement requires employees to improve their skills in order to execute the existing jobs. In addition, new jobs emerging are requiring individuals to be having relevant skills. According to Lane (n.d), manufacturing firms are increasingly demanding skilled employment. The resultant effect is widening the gap between those who have relevant skills and those who do not have the skills (Georgiou, 2003, p. 5). According to Atkinson (2010), the rise in the rate of unemployment in UK is associated with the growth in technology. Atkinson (2010) asserts that incorporation of machines in working environment has resulted into a large number of employees being displaced from their jobs. In an effort to improve service delivery, the government is incorporating the concept of e-government. This has led into an increase in the number of individuals being displaced. How inflation affects UK unemployment There is a strong correlation between inflation and unemployment (Berentsen, Menzio Wright, 2008, p. 1). However, the relationship is indirect. However, it is believed that an increase in the rate of unemployment is accompanied by a reduction in the rate of inflation. Increase in the rate of unemployment makes it challenging for employees to negotiate for wage increment. This arises from the high supply of labor within the labor market. A large number o f individuals are willing to work for the same wage rate. This means that unemployment is reduced by wage inflation. When the rate of inflation is high, prices of commodities remain to be high. In addition, reduction in wage inflation tends to reduced cost push and demand pull inflations (Berentsen, Menzio Wright, 2008, p. 1). The resultant effect is a reduction in consumer spending. This means that firm’s tend to reduce their rate of production. One of the ways through which they attain this is by implementing downsizing strategy leading to an increment in the number of employees who lose their jobs hence the increase in the level of unemployment. Over The past decade, UK has witnessed an increment in the rate of inflation. However, the rate of inflation has remained to be relatively low. By December 2003, the country’s rate of inflation was 1.3%. However, there has been a steady increase in the rate of inflation. By October 2010, the rate of inflation was 3.1% (Pric e, 2010, para. 4). This explains the reason why UK is experiencing a high rate of inflation. As a result of the high rate of inflation, UK is experiencing a decline in the rate of economic output. The country’s rate of unemployment is also associated by rise oil prices. How unemployment affects UK economy The high rate of unemployment in UK has negatively affected the country’s economy (Liberal Democrats, 2010, para. 1). For example, the rise in the rate of unemployment has strained the country’s benefit scheme. This means that an increment in the amount of funds is required to cater for the scheme. In addition, increase in unemployment leads to a reduction in a countries taxable income. One of the main sources of revenue which UK intends to utilize in an effort to bridge its budget deficit is taxes. This may be challenging to the government considering the fact that unemployment reduces the taxable income. This arises from the fact that only a small proportion of the entire proportion remains to be taxable. Unemployment has resulted into a decline in the UK rate of economy growth (Liberal Democrats, 2010, para. 1). Consumption is one of the main ways through which a countries economy is stimulated. Rise in unemployment leads to a reduction in consumer spending. Through consumption a country is able to increase its taxable income. In addition, spending on luxuries has reduced. Consumers are only considering purchasing necessities. This has led firms to consider implementing cost cutting strategies. The resultant effect is a rise job loss and hence unemployment. Conclusion Unemployment has a negative effect in the country’s economic growth. From the analysis, there are various factors which lead a country to experience changes in the rate of unemployment. Some of these causes relate to changes in the labor market such as the skills required to execute a certain task. However, countries should try to keep their rate of unemployment lo w. The resultant effect is that the country will be able to exploit all its resource. Over the past years, UK’s economic performance has been superior. This is evident from the fact that the country has managed to keep its unemployment rate being relatively low. However, the rate of unemployment has been fluctuating over the years. During the period ranging from 1993 to 2002; the country experienced a low rate of unemployment. This trend did not persist for long. From 2005 to 2010, UK has experienced an increment in the rate of unemployment. It is forecasted that the rate will increase in the future. Some of the causes of the increment include the government’s plan to cut its public spending so as to bridge the budget deficit. In addition, the rate is set to increase due to contraction in credit as a result of the current financial crisis. Financial institutions are increasing their lending rates. The resultant effect is a reduction in the volume of investment. This wi ll culminate into reduction in the number of new jobs created. Due technological innovation, both the private and public sectors are incorporating the emerging technologies in their operation. The resultant effect is that the new technology is replacing jobs hence increasing unemployment. From 2003, UK has witnessed a low rate of inflation. However, the rate has been on an upward trend. Inflation has affected demand for products and services. Consumers are considering purchasing necessities compared to luxuries. Reduction in consumer demand has led firms to consider reducing the rate of their production. In addition, firms are downsizing in an effort to minimize their cost of operation. As a result of unemployment, UK’s rate of economic growth has been reduced. Reference List Atkinson, P., 2010. Technology making it worse. Web. Available at: http://www.ourcivilisation.com/signs/chap7.htm . Berentsen, A., Menzio, G. Wright, R., 2008. Inflation and unemployment in the long   run. Cambridge: NBER Programs. Elliot, L., 2010. Budget will cost 1.3 million jobs-Treasuries. Web. Available at: http://www.guardian.co.uk/uk/2010/jun/29/budget-job-losses-unemployment-austerity . Georgiou, M. 2003. Does technology cause unemployment? Thessaly, Greece: Stirling University. Holmes, P., 2010. Is UK unemployment really 26.7%. Web. Available at: http://firstrung.co.uk/articles.asp?pageid=NEWSarticlekey=12155cat=44-0-0 . Kollewe, J. Seager, A., 2008. Sharp rise in unemployment as financial crisis hits jobs  market. London: The Guardian. Lane, C., n.d. Analysis of the causes of unemployment. Web. Available at: http://www.maths.tcd.ie/local/JUNK/econrev/ser/html/unemp.html . Liberal Democrats. 2010. Unemployment increase underlines fragility of UK economy  says Cable. London: Liberal Democrats. Office for National Statistics. 2010. Employment. Web. Available at: http://www.politics.co.uk/briefings-guides/issue-briefs/employment/unemployment-$366619.htm . O’Gra dy, S., 2009. Unemployment fears increases pressure on bank for rate cut. Web. Available at: http://www.independent.co.uk/news/business/news/unemployment-fears-increase-pressure-on-bank-for-rate-cut-1230065.html . Pissarides, C., 2003. Unemployment in Britain: a European success story. Oxford: Oxford Press. Price, A., 2010. Unemployment in UK. Web. Available at: http://www.hrmguide.co.uk/jobmarket/unemployment.htm . Thompson, A. Billington, I., 2010. UK unemployment set to rise. New York: The Wall Street Journal. Trading Economics. 2010. United Kingdom unemployment rate. Web. Available at: http://www.tradingeconomics.com/Economics/Unemployment-rate.aspx?Symbol=GBP . Walayat, N., 2010. UK unemployment forecast 2010 to 2015. London: The Market Oracle. This essay on Unemployment in UK was written and submitted by user Elite to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. 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The True History of the 3 Hole Punch and Its Inventor

The True History of the 3 Hole Punch and Its Inventor SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips The hole punch was actually invented decades before it became a staple of modern offices. Read this guide to learn more about hole punch history, why the original inventor of the hole punch was contested, and how the hole punch has evolved over the centuries. Who Invented the Hole Punch? Who's the original hole punch history inventor? There were two original types of hole punches, and they were created for many of the same reasons hole punches are still used today. One type was used to punch a single hole in tickets to show they’d been used, and the other was used punch identical holes in paper to make it easier to keep them organized in a ring binder. For such a straightforward tool, hole punch history actually has some controversy. Three men registered patents for hole punches around the same time. Friedrich Soennecken Soennecken was a German entrepreneur who invented a number of things, including a new type of ink container, a style of calligraphy, and a pen nib. In 1886, he also invented the ring binder, and soon after, on November 14th, 1886, he registered a patent for a â€Å"paper hole maker for folders,† or what he called a Papierlocher fà ¼r Zammelmappen. His hole punch was placed on a desk and used a lever to punch two holes into paper. The paper could then easily be placed in the ring binder. Benjamin Smith About a year and a half before Soennecken filed for his hole punch patent, on February 24th, 1885, American Benjamin Smith received a US patent for a somewhat similar tool known as the Conductor’s Punch. Although Smith received his patent before Soennecken, he is sometimes not seen as the original inventor of the hole punch because his invention differed significantly from the three-hole punch often seen in offices today. Smith’s invention was handheld and used to metal pieces connected to a spring to punch a single hole in paper. It also included a receptacle to hold the small circles of paper it cut out. The Conductor’s Punch was used to by railway conductors to punch holes in train tickets (hence its name). Charles Brooks In 1893, American Charles Brooks received a patent for the Ticket Punch, an invention similar to Smith’s Conductor’s Punch. Both had a similar design, but Brooks’ Ticket Punch had a larger receptacle to hold paper cuttings, and the receptacle was also removable. Brooks is actually more well-known for a different patent he received, for a street sweeper. The street sweeper remains in use today, relatively unchanged from his original invention. So who is the real inventor of the hole punch? Most people label either Friedrich Soennecken or Benjamin Smith as the â€Å"father† of the hole punch. Soennecken supporters say that, because his invention is much closer to the modern-day three hole punch, he is the original inventor, while Smith supporters say that, because he received the first patent for a hole punch invention, he is the original inventor. For what it’s worth, when Google decided to celebrate the 131st anniversary of the invention of the hole punch, they based the anniversary off the date that Soennecken received his patent, a decision that received mixed opinions online. How Has the Hole Punch Evolved? The original hole punch designs are still used widely today, with only minor modifications. However, other hole punches have been developed in the 20th and 21st centuries. These include three- and four-hole punches, hole punches that can punch through thicker materials such as cloth or thin metal sheets, hole punches that cut different shapes such as stars or hearts for crafters, and electric hole punches. Summary: 3-Hole Punch History The hole punch history spans several centuries and countries. The first hole punch inventor was American Benjamin Smith who, in 1885, developed a handheld device that was used to punch a single hole in train tickets. German Friedrich Soennecken is widely seen as the first inventor of the three-hole punch, which he received a patent for in 1886. Since then, the basic design of hole punches hasn’t changed all that much, but new features have been added as they continue to be widely used in offices and homes across the world. What's Next? Have you heard the stories ofcamel spiders being fearsome, deadly predators?Is there any truth to those tales? Learn which camel spider myths should be debunked by reading our guide! What is Stockholm syndrome?Is it actually a real condition? We explain everything you should know about Stockholm syndrome and analyze famous cases. Love to draw?We've compiled 100 of the best easy drawing ideas to spark your creativity!

Los Dreamers y su situación migratoria especial

Los Dreamers y su situacià ³n migratoria especial Uno de los asuntos ms debatidos en materia migratoria es el futuro de los muchachos  denominados Dreamers o soà ±adores. Pero,  ¿quià ©nes son estos jà ³venes y quà © derechos migratorios tienen y cules son los proyectos de ley? Adems, se explica cules son los efectos y las fechas a tener en cuenta con la decisià ³n del presidente Trump de poner fin al programa DACA y cules son las bases de la demanda presentada por 15 estados para paralizar en corte la decisià ³n del gobierno federal. Situacià ³n legal actual El 5 de septiembre de 2017 el Fiscal General de los Estados Unidos, el seà ±or Jeff Sessions, ha anunciado el fin del programa conocido como Accià ³n Diferida o DACA que protegà ­a a los Dreamers frente a la Deportacià ³n y les reconocà ­a la posibilidad de sacar un permiso de trabajo renovable cada 2 aà ±os. Esta proteccià ³n fue creada por orden ejecutiva del presidente Barack Obama en 2012 y que en 5 aà ±os protegià ³ a ms de 800 mil jà ³venes de la deportacià ³n, adems de permitirles otros alivios. El anuncio del seà ±or Sessions NO supone el fin inmediato de DACA, sino que: El programa finalizar con fecha de 5 de marzo de 2018. Mientras tanto, los permisos de trabajo siguen vlidos y los Dreamers con Accià ³n Diferida aprobada estn protegidos frente a posible deportacià ³n.Desde ya NO se admiten solicitudes nuevas para acogerse a este programaSi se tiene  DACA aprobada  y  expira antes del 5 de marzo del 2018 o ese dà ­a, entonces se puede pedir una renovacià ³n, aunque hacerlo antes del 5 de octubre de 2017.Los permisos de trabajo y la proteccià ³n frente a la deportacià ³n otorgada por la accià ³n diferida, todo parece indicar, irn venciendo en la fecha prevista en cada caso. Por ejemplo, si vence con fecha del 6 de julio de 2019, es vlida mientras no llegue ese dà ­a.  Si se tiene aprobado con fecha anterior al 5 de septiembre de 2017 un permiso de advance parole para viajar fuera de los Estados Unidos, entonces se puede viajar. Sin embargo, como este es un asunto muy delicado, se recomienda consultarlo con un abogado o con una organiz acià ³n de apoyo a Dreamers y en caso de duda, no viajar. Si se presentà ³ la solicitud para el advance parole pero todavà ­a no hay respuesta, el USCIS  no lo tramitar pero sà ­ regresar el importe pagado en concepto de cuota.A partir del 5 de septiembre del 2017 no se pueden presentar solicitudes nuevas de advance parole para viajar fuera de los Estados Unidos. En principio  llegado el 5 de marzo  de 2018 los Dreamers podrà ­an  haber comenzado a ser deportados y sus permisos de trabajos dejarà ­an de ser vlidos en las fechas en ellos consignadas. Sin embargo, eso se ha paralizado por orden de una sentencia judicial. Por ahora, los Dreamers que han tenido la accià ³n diferida aprobada pueden seguir solicitando su renovacià ³n. Sin embargo, no pueden salir de Estados Unidos, ni siquiera con advance parole, ni se pueden pedir acciones diferidas nuevas. Demanda de los estados en contra de la decisià ³n de finalizar DACA 15  estados y el Distrito de Columbia  se han sumado para presentar una  demanda  en contra del gobierno federal por la decisià ³n de Trump de finalizar el programa DACA. La demanda, que ha sido presentada en el Distrito Eastern  del estado de Nueva York, est liderada por el fiscal general de ese estado y la de Massachusetts. Adems, se han unido los de Carolina del Norte, Connecticut, Delaware, Hawaii, Illinois, Iowa,  Nuevo Mà ©xico, Oregà ³n, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, Vermont, Virginia, Washington y el Distrito de Columbia. Los estados argumentan que la decisià ³n de Trump de finalizar DACA tiene 4 problemas desde el punto de vista legal. Por una parte,  violarà ­a en dos ocasiones la Ley de Procedimiento Administrativo. Adems, por otra parte violarà ­a 2 tipos de protecciones otorgadas por la Constitucià ³n: al  debido  proceso y a la igualdad ante la ley.   Este à ºltimo punto se basa en que la decisià ³n de Trump tiene por objeto perjudicar a un grupo de personas por razones de su origen, ya que cuatro de cada cinco muchachos beneficiados por DACA son  mexicanos o centroamericanos. Se espera una ardua batalla legal en Corte. Propuesta de ley en el Senado Segà ºn el proyecto de ley liderado por los senadores Graham (republicano de Carolina del Sur) y Durbin (demà ³crata de Illinois) los Dreamers podrà ­a sacar la green card si cumplen una serie de requisitos, como por ejemplo, llevar 4 aà ±os o ms en Estados Unidos, haber llegado antes de cumplir los 17aà ±os de edad, tener un rà ©cord limpio, pasar un examen de inglà ©s, haber obtenido el tà ­tulo de high school o equivalente y haber trabajado por 3 aà ±os. Por ahora esto es solo un proyecto de ley y para convertirse en ley tendrà ­a que ser aprobado en la Cmara de Representantes y en el Senado. Esta iniciativa se presentà ³ poco despuà ©s de que el congresista  congresista Luis Gutià ©rrez, tras reunirse con otros miembros del causus Hispano con el Secretario de Seguridad Interna el seà ±or John Kelly, afirmase que tanto los Dreamers como los beneficiarios de los que se conoce como TPS deben prepararse para lo peor. El congresista Gutià ©rrez apuntà ³Ã‚  a la posibilidad real de que tanto el programa DACA para Dreamers como el TPS puedan finalizar, dando paso a deportaciones masivas. Quià ©nes son los muchachos conocidos como Dreamer y en quà © consiste DACA Los Dreamers son aproximadamente 2.1 millones de indocumentados que llegaron a Estados Unidos siendo nià ±os.   Aproximadamente 800  mil  Dreamers se han beneficiado de la accià ³n diferida ordenada el 15 de junio de 2012 por el presidente Obama. Los que tienen este beneficio aprobado: No son  deportadospueden solicitar permiso de trabajo por dos aà ±os, renovable.pueden pedir un Nà ºmero del Seguro Socialpueden sacar la licencia de manejar Para poder acogerse a este beneficio de la accià ³n diferida (DACA, por sus siglas en inglà ©s) hay que cumplir con una serie de requisitos de edad, estancia en Estados Unidos, estudios o servicio en el Ejà ©rcito y no tener rà ©cord penal. Cada dos aà ±os deben renovar DACA para conservar sus beneficios. Asesorà ­a migratoria Estas 13 organizaciones para asesorarse sobre todos los temas que tienen que ver con DACA. Tambià ©n destacar, entre muchas, 2 pginas webs que conviene seguir como como son My Undocumented Live y United We Dream ya que siempre estn a lo à ºltimo en este asunto. Esta à ºltima organizacià ³n es tambià ©n muy combativa defendiendo los derechos de los Dreamers. Otro telà ©fono interesante para buscar asesoramiento es el de la Hispanic Federation, que aunque est basada en Nueva York puede proporcionar ayuda y/o buenas referencias en otros estados. El telà ©fono es el 866-432-9832. Asimismo, y dado el clima actual de incertidumbre, lo ms aconsejable es asesorarse con abogados competentes o asociacià ³n de apoyo a migrantes, particularmente a Dreamers, sobre si existe alguna posibilidad real de regularizacià ³n de la situacià ³n.  Los  caminos para la legalizacià ³n  no son muchos, pero en algunos casos es posible.   Al mismo tiempo es fundamental no caer và ­ctima de fraude por parte de personas sin escrà ºpulos que pueden aprovecharse de la desesperacià ³n de las personas. Este es un artà ­culo informativo. No es asesorà ­a legal.

NUMBER OF MAYFLIES IN RIFFLES AND POOLS Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

NUMBER OF MAYFLIES IN RIFFLES AND POOLS - Essay Example with high levels of dissolved oxygen while pools are relatively slow-flowing environments where the dissolved oxygen levels are not as high as in riffles. The nymphs prefer high dissolved oxygen level environments. For the purpose of this study it is necessary to introduce the mayflies (Ephemeroptera) because they are such a primitive order of insects that there is much that is unique about their morphology. This uniqueness has to be highlighted to enable better understanding of the experiments conducted to assist this study and the conclusions derived therefrom. Simply put mayflies belong to Class Insecta Order Ephemeroptera. They belong to the infraclass paleoptera and have primitive wings that cannot be folded over their backs. Fossil records reveal that they may have evolved during the carboniferous period 280-360 mya and their evolutionary history is closely associated with development of wings in Class Insecta as a whole. Modern day mayflies number about 4000 species distributed among 20 families and most are associated with running water (Brooks, Steve, A Natural History of Dragonflies, Mayflies and Stoneflies). Order Ephemeroptera is well-distributed across the globe except for the two polar regions – the Arctic and the Antarctic – and oceanic islands though it is well-represented in New Zealand (Order Ephemeroptera, â€Å"Soil & Water Conservation Society of Metro Halifax† Website, 2004). The name of the order Ephemeroptera is essentially derived from the fact that adult phase mayflies survive for a very ephemeral period of 2 hr to 3 days. They are unique insects in that they have two adult phases both of which are winged and ephemeral to the tune of 1-2 hr to maximum 14 days. At adult stages the insects do not feed and expend all their time on mating. The nymphs are ubiquitous and are usually found in shallow streams and littoral areas of lakes. Nevertheless, many species are restricted to specific substrata of macrophytes, sediments of waveswept

This document needs reivison Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

This document needs reivison - Essay Example Most specifically, the report had serious grammatical and mechanical errors and lacked coherence as well as flow of ideas. As such, the report was vague and difficult to read and understand. Most assuredly, I have recently stated my dissatisfaction and warned you against presenting such wanting reports but you have not demonstrated any attempt towards addressing these concerns. Although I appreciate your continued positive input and creativity to the firm, I feel that your poorly written report is demeaning the image and reputation of our esteemed firm. It should be clear that future reports should strictly follow the established writing standards and the report guidelines set out by the firm. Any employee who needs assistance in adhering to the writing guidelines defined by the firm should seek relevant help from the management or attend various in house workshops held in our firm. Indeed, professionals in the corporate scene provide significant information to employees attending the monthly in house workshops. Moreover, I am always available to offer any assistance geared towards your success and that of the company. Nevertheless, you should beware that this is your last warning and failure to adhere to the writing guidelines defined by the firm will lead to serious consequences that may include suspension. The company would highly regret such consequences and hence I advise you to consider my concerns in a positive and serious way. I am sure you will address yourself to these concerns and maintain a good working relationship with your colleagues and the firm at large. I encourage you to remain focused and work towards achieving the company’s goals. Indeed, if you have any questions or suggestions on these expectations, please feel free to contact me at the most convenient time. I am always pleased to address the expectations of the firm with you and I hope my concerns will help you to maximize your potential in this